PRO

  • PRO

    That is a viable explanation for our existance...

    Should creationism be taught in schools? (Evolution vs Creation)

    rebuttals yes, evolution is backed up by science because it is a scientific theory, while creationism is not backed by science because it is a belief. creationism is not a science, it should not be taught like one. My oponent has failed to realized that i am not advocating this to be taught as a science. I am advocating for creationism to be taught as a footnote in our education system where we must understand this belief. Creationism is not the rejection of science, but it rather a different ideological perspective on things that is in a different faith based realm away from science. creationism is as real as you believe it is. Let me reiterate, my job is not to prove that creationism, it is explain why it should remain to be taught in our school system and to explain how it can be a viable explanation. If there are hundreds of millions christians out there who believe in this thought, why should it not be atleast mentioned? our school system is here to educate us. Creationism i must reiterate, should not be held to the same standards as a science, nor should it be taught in science class. It should be taught in classes like history etc where it is relevant because it has altered billions of peoples lives and their perception on things. Also the understanding of some basic creationism is imperative to understand the history of our world. (the constitution has the words "e hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."). according to the interpretations of con's version of an education system, we should not teach our children folklore and we should create a whole education system purely based upon science. Does anyone else see the very lack of creativity that cannot be inspired? con has failed to address my final argument which i have repetively made, but here i will readdress them in an organized manner that i have proposed a "viable explanation" God has created all humans. That is a viable explanation for our existance A)viable-capable of working B)explanation-statement that makes something clear C)therefore, a viable explanation is an explanation that is= capable of working to make something clear D)God created all humans. This clarifies who made humans, how humans were made, and this is capable to convince because millions of people believe in this, and that is a fact. (brooo, why we got 3 rounds of rebuttals? we gotta rererebuttal then)

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/Should-creationism-be-taught-in-schools-Evolution-vs-Creation/1/
  • PRO

    However, that is impossible. ... Second idea: the judges...

    Resolved: Unwanted Pregnancy Abortions should be banned in the US.

    Resolved: Resolved: Unwanted Pregnancy Abortions should be banned in the US. Definitions: Unwanted Pregnancy Abortions: abortions because of an unwanted pregnancy, not because of the endangered life of a mother. Banned: made illegal Value: The right to life must be held first and foremost. Throughout history a country is usually deemed as "evil" or "unjust" by the deaths of which they cause. E.g. Nazi Germany and Communist Russia. The right to life is the basic fundamental inherent right of each individual. When the right to life is not seen as foremost, then the action can be claimed unjust and therefore be made illegal. Contentions: I. Abortion violates the right to life. Abortion is the willing termination of an unborn child. This violates the right to life on both sides of the idea of life. First, according to the majority of the scientific community, life begins at implantation. Implantation is the attachment of the egg to the uterine lining. I.e. 10-12 days after conception. So, the only way that abortion would be permissible is if its in those 10-12 days. However, that is impossible. A pregnancy test only works after implantation. Therefore, once its implanted, abortion is murder, i.e. the premeditated killing of an innocent. Murder is illegal, therefore abortion should be illegal. Second idea: the judges don't concede the idea of implantation birth, then I would argue that it still violates the right to life because the 3rd section of the right to life, is the right to be born. Abortion takes this right away, therefore violating the right to life. II. Abortion is genocide. Genocide is defined as the intentional and systematic extermination of a specific group. The unborn is the group, the extermination is the genocide. Genocide is against international law, meaning it should be banned in all countries. Should we be like Hitler? He wanted all Jews exterminated because they were considered "unwanted". Let's not become that of which we wanted stopped. Abortion is genocide, it must be banned.

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/Resolved-Unwanted-Pregnancy-Abortions-should-be-banned-in-the-US./1/
  • PRO

    The authorities can't prove this transaction occurred and...

    Universal Background Checks, as recently proposed in the US Senate, would not mitigate crime

    Thanks to TheHitchslap for accepting this debate, I look forward to the challenge. I will start with a fairly simple assertion. If a law is made to stop something, the illegal acquisition of a firearm in this case, it needs to be enforceable to deter criminals and wrong doers. Obviously someone who attempts to obtain a gun illegally, or for illegal means, has no regard for the law, so simply making something else illegal cannot be logically assumed to be a deterrent. In order for this law to be successful (in other words, to keep guns from those that should not have them) authorities would need to prove it is being broken to prosecute those who would not comply. Since authorities would have no way of doing this, there would be no incentive for the criminally inclined to even consider this law when attempting their next acquisition. To illustrate this idea, I will use two scenarios involving the illegal purchase of a gun... 1) A criminal asks his friend to buy him a gun. The willing friend purchases the gun after passing a background check and then gives it to the criminal. The authorities can't prove this transaction occurred and are powerless to stop it having no prior knowledge it was taking place. UBC fails to keep a gun from a criminal in the exact type of transaction for which it was designed. 2) A criminal locates a stranger selling a gun suitable for his needs. He offers to pay the stranger $100 more than the asking price to avoid the "inconvenience" of a background check. The seller, being raised a capitalist and lacking civic responsibility (a characteristic all to common these days) and fearing no reprisal, is happy to pocket the extra cash. Again, the authorities have no way of proving this transaction occurred and the criminal is free to use the newly acquired gun for whatever evil purposes he see fit. As you can see, each of these transactions are completely untraceable unless one of the parties decides to turn themselves in over a sudden bought of guilt. If this bought represents the pinnacle of the laws effectiveness then I think we can all agree it is not worth the time it will take to pass it, much less the trouble it causes responsible, law abiding citizens. Regrettably, only those with a strong feeling of civic duty will be, at the least, inconvenienced by this law, and at most, outright wrongfully prosecuted. Since this law effectively requires all gun sales be made through an FFL, citizens who live away from populations and towns may have to drive for miles simply to legally sell a gun to an acquaintance. Depending on the price of the gun and the background check, this could effectively negate any gain to be had from the sale. This law also allows our attorney general (a political appointee with no fear of voter reprisal) to set the price of a background check at whatever he/she sees fit. While you can't assume abuse of such a privilege, you also cannot guarantee it's fair keeping. With this law a gun owner could face federal prosecution for selling his gun to his brother without a UBC, if he first listed that gun for sale in an online forum that his brother was a member of...How does that make sense? Also as written, a gun owner could face federal prosecution for lending a friend a gun on a hunt, or letting a stranger use their weapon at a gun range (w/out first having the background check) I ask again, how does this make sense? With all the potential downfalls to the law abiding, and all the holes afforded to the lawless there is no reason to assume any tangiable reduction in crime would result from this amendment being passed. http://www.politifact.com... http://www.docstoc.com...

  • PRO

    President Obama said: "In the United States our basic...

    Women should be able to wear what they want, including burqa

    President Obama said: "In the United States our basic attitude is that we’re not going to tell people what to wear."[

    • http://www.debatepedia.org/en/index.php/Debate:_Ban_on_Muslim_burqa_and_niqab
  • PRO

    http://www.huffingtonpost.com...) meanwhile using...

    Should TV be banned

    Television should be banned for being obsolete, costly, and inefficient. 1. Television is obsolete with the institution of more complex and multipurpose computational machines such as a terminal you are likely sitting at right now. "WebTV" or "streaming", whichever is preferred as a title, has ousted the need for television, specific terminals, specific jacks, specific signals, and specific channels as most if not all of the items watchable on a television through a cable or satellite signal can all be steamed through, often at better resolution and with a more stable signal, the internet. 2. Television is costly on multiple fronts. First I'd like to note that Netflix, which has over 1,000 movies and shows and therefore hundreds of hours of entertainment is inexpensive at $9/mo. (http://www.usatoday.com...) with Amazon Prime sitting at $99/yr. (http://www.huffingtonpost.com...) meanwhile using Comcast/XFINITY, one of the country's largest cable suppliers, the monthly cost for basic service is $50 (http://www.comcast.com...). Dish Network sits at $20/mo. with it's lowest package (http://www.infinitydish.com...). In essence for even Amazon Prime at $99/yr you would save compared to Dish Network over $140 or ~59%. 3. Television is inefficient simply by being a redundant service. Since internet and television are actually all the same product (Streamed Telephony) utilizing different frequencies and signal signatures having all of them combined and pay each is truly inefficient. The reason VOIP works is because the internet is just telephony (http://www.unc.edu...) no different in process for the most part for the average user. There are no advantages to using a television with digital or satellite signals to that of simply streaming your items online or using a VOIP. Though they do work differently mechanically the end user will see no difference.

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/Should-TV-be-banned/1/
  • PRO

    Because of the length constraints a completely specified...

    Bestiality/Zoophilia should be legal and is not inherently immoral

    Because of the length constraints a completely specified argument is impossible, indeed it would take a small book. I will however assert some premises which I hope are self-evident to my opponent. If they are not those topics must be clarified before meaningful debate on the resolution can be had. 1. Legality and morality are inherently linked, if something is moral it should be legal and if is legal it should be moral. The difference between them is the difference between what people think and what is. Morality is that which is right, the law is that which people (a majority of) think is right (as expressed through a democratic government). 2. To make moral claims one must have moral principles, to have moral principles one must have a moral theory. That is one must be aware of the field of philosophy which is ethics and subscribe to some system of thought in that field. 3. Baring a full derivation and support of a moral theory, the relevant theory in the case of bestiality/zoophilia is mutual consent of interacting parties + reasonable avoidance of foreseeable pain or biological damage. For those interested I hold a more constrained view as a universal principle for human society, i.e. volition is the prerequisite of all moral interaction between humans. From these premises I would like to preempt possible strategies of my opponent by implication. #1 means I will not entertain the notion that even if bestiality/zoophilia is moral it is detrimental to society and that constitutes a legal basis for banning it. For those who consider this unfair I ask you to think of all those things demonstrably detrimental to society that the law does allow for on the basis of personal freedom. #2 means that I will not entertain sentiments which associate the term morality with emotional appeals, religious dogma, or mindless whim. If it is not wrong and you wish to merely point out how it can sometimes be dangerous or play a negative role in someone"s life then I"ll leave you to it; that is not the resolution I wish to argue. #2 also means that there is no such thing as "one case at a time" moral judgments, nothing is good or evil in a vacuum but can only be so in the context of a mountain of previously derived facts. Identifying and challenging double standards is a key technique in discovering moral fallacies. If someone can, on whim, use one standard of moral judgment in case A and another in case B then no moral debate is possible. Therefore if you are someone who thinks comparing zoophilia to homosexuality or to the practice of eating animal meat is a red herring then you should not accept the challenge. #3 means you are willing to debate the matter of consent, I love to debate ethics and no doubt I will on this site but if you do not believe consent is the moral principle involved here you are almost certainly going to turn this into a philosophical debate. Some notes on terms: I use the term Bestiality/zoophilia, some other people make distinctions between these terms; I mean the practice of interspecies sex specifically involving humans as one of the species. Is zoophilia a sexual orientation? I think so, as far as the word has objective meaning. Bottom line is that some people desire sexual relations with animals. I do not believe the causes of this phenomenon are relevant to the debate nor do I believe there is enough scientific ground work to attempt to answer that question. The homosexual movement has been chugging away for decades and nobody really has a clue what causes it. Consent, and this is important, is defined as "permission for something to happen or agreement to do something" http://www.oxforddictionaries.com... . I am fully aware that the idea of informed consent in legal circles is different and much stricter. I do not mean legal/informed consent when I say consent. No one who has a pet, no one who has partook in any animal derived products has ever had informed consent from any animals. It is an impossibility even for humans to give perfect informed consent because it presupposes that both parties are perfectly aware of the consequences of an action. Something that requires the ability to predict the future with 100% certainty. In practice what is meant by informed consent is that one party discloses any information about the interaction which may reasonably be expected to affect the other"s decision. If one party does not have the information it cannot be given. If the other party is incapable of receiving the information it is not considered a requirement. For instance, you bring an unconscious stranger into a hospital, the doctor will still treat them on the presumption that they want to be healed. There is no consent informed or otherwise. Under the constraints set out above the question is: A.) Can an animal give permission or agreement to a member of another species for sexual interaction? There are two possible reasons why the answer to that could be no in all cases: 1. No species is capable of communicating permission, agreement, or anything really to a member of another species implicitly or explicitly 2. No species is psychologically capable of granting consent to another species We can knock out #2 by the mere fact that this is an issue. Humans must be capable of granting consent to another species if they pursue sexual relations with them. Surely you could say humans are an exception but that would require some explanation. Why would humans be the only species capable of accepting interspecies sex? How could you reconcile this with observed instances of interspecies sex between two non-human species? Even if a creature is incapable of choosing between acting and not acting a certain way it cannot be said that it does not consent. Instead it is more accurate to say that consent is not conceptually applicable to that species. If a wasp stings you, you might think it was merely the sum of stimuli up to that point that caused it. There is not enough of an independent consciousness in a wasp brain to ever decide not to sting you given the same inputs. It is incorrect to say that the wasp accepts or refuses the interaction. It does neither but if you had to choose, it would be acceptance because if it did have the ability to choose obviously its actions would reflect its choice. #1 is a little harder but not by much. Consider the following premise It is impossible for a creature to pursue an action to which it does not consent provided it does not fear retribution for failure to comply. This can be established easily by looking at its negation which is "It is possible for a creature to pursue a course of action it does not consent to, even if there is no fear of retribution for failure to comply". It"s a contradiction in terms. If it can agree with anything it must agree with itself. Therefore even in the absence of verbal or body language, if an animal pursues a course of action where no negative consequences have ever been employed as the result of failing to pursue said course of action, then it has implicitly communicated its intention and its acceptance of the action. If that action is in fact an interaction it must also consent to the interaction. To compound that point most animals which zoophiles are interested in mating with are quite capable of body language and vocal communication of a basic sort. Note that "Yes" and "No" are very basic communications which any higher animal owner can attest to understanding. Whether that decision is the result of some faculty of self-determination or is pure instinct is actually irrelevant. If it is pure instinct then the creature never had any freedom to violate. If it has self-determination then it is determining things for itself. In summation if there exists any example of an animal showing through action absent negative conditioning the acceptance of sexual relations with another species the answer to question A is Yes, at least in some cases. If in some cases an animal can consent to interspecies sex, then surely in some cases an animal can consent to sex with a human, thus on the consent principle it is moral to have sex with an animal.. in some cases. I want to wrap up with an example question: Horseback riding. Do you believe a horse can consent to being ridden? How would you know?

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/Bestiality-Zoophilia-should-be-legal-and-is-not-inherently-immoral/5/
  • PRO

    I would like to thank 16kadams for accepting this debate....

    The Second Amendment should be repealed

    I would like to thank 16kadams for accepting this debate. It is a pleasure to be debating you and I am glad we can debate this topic. Framework In this debate, I will attempt to show three things: 1) That gun control is effective; 2) That the 2A restricts any meaningful gun legislation; and 3) That the current gun culture is out of control and that the 2A only contributes to this issue. For those reasons, the 2A should be repealed. Gun control is effective Research has shown time and time again that gun control measures are effective. For example, a paper that was published in 2015 in Epidemiological Review found “Evidence from 130 studies in 10 countries suggests that in certain nations the simultaneous implementation of laws targeting multiple firearms restrictions is associated with reductions in firearm deaths. Laws restricting the purchase of (e.g., background checks) and access to (e.g., safer storage) firearms are also associated with lower rates of intimate partner homicides and firearm unintentional deaths in children, respectively. Limitations of studies include challenges inherent to their ecological design, their execution, and the lack of robustness of findings to model specifications.” [1] According to a report by The Lancet, universal background checks will reduce firearm deaths from 10.3 to 4.6 per 100,000 people; Background checks for ammunition purchases, which could reduce the mortality rate to 1.99 deaths per 100,000 people; and Firearm identification, by either microstamping or ballistic fingerprinting, which could reduce the death rate to 1.81 per 100,000 people. [2] After Australia passed sweeping gun control legislation in 1999, studies show that there has been a significant decrease in crimes and homicides [3, 4, and 5]. Fiona MacDonald notes: “ [R]eview of gun control laws in more than 10 countries over the past 60 years, published back in March, showed compelling evidence that the tighter legislation reduced firearm deaths.” [5] Rights are not absolute The United States is the one of a handful of countries in the entire world that etches the right to own guns in its Constitution (the others being Mexico, Haiti, and Guatemala [6] ) As Rolling Stones noted: “The liberty of some to own guns cannot take precedence over the liberty of everyone to live their lives free from the risk of being easily murdered. It has for too long, and we must now say no more.” [7] My right to life and to be safe trumps any right to own a firearm. 2A Impedes Progress The main problem with the 2A is that it impedes any progress on mass shootings and violence in the United States. In fact, more people have died of gun violence since 1968 than than on battlefields of all the wars in American history combined. [8, 9] The 2A impedes progress by limiting what, if anything, that the Government can do to help curb gun violence. Furthermore, because of the long history of the 2A, guns have become part of the American psyche and American culture. In order to make any substantial progress, we must eliminate the culture of guns. Repealing the 2A would be a helpful start. Conclusion In summary, the second amendment should be repealed if we want to make progress on curbing gun violence in the USA. The United States is the one of two countries in the world that etches the right to own firearms into its constitution (the other being Mexico). Gun control is an effective way to reduce violence and crime. The 2A impedes on any meaningful gun legislation. Therefore, the 2A should be repealed. The right to life and the right to safety trumps any right to own firearms. I now turn it over to con. 1. (http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org.secure.sci-hub.cc...) 2. (http://www.thelancet.com...(15)01026-0/abstract) 3. (http://www.snopes.com...) 4. (http://www.reuters.com...) 5.(http://www.sciencealert.com...) 6. (http://www.slate.com...) 7. (http://www.rollingstone.com...) 8. (http://www.bbc.com...) 9. (http://www.politifact.com...)

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/The-Second-Amendment-should-be-repealed/1/
  • PRO

    Bottom line is that some people desire sexual relations...

    Zoophilia/Bestiality should be legal and is not inherently immoral

    Because of the length constraints a completely specified argument is impossible, indeed it would take a small book. I will however assert some premises which I hope are self-evident to my opponent. If they are not those topics must be clarified before meaningful debate on the resolution can be had. 1. Legality and morality are inherently linked, if something is moral it should be legal and if is legal it should be moral. The difference between them is the difference between what people think and what is. Morality is that which is right, the law is that which people (a majority of) think is right (as expressed through a democratic government). 2. To make moral claims one must have moral principles, to have moral principles one must have a moral theory. That is one must be aware of the field of philosophy which is ethics and subscribe to some system of thought in that field. 3. Baring a full derivation and support of a moral theory, the relevant theory in the case of bestiality/zoophilia is mutual consent of interacting parties + reasonable avoidance of foreseeable pain or biological damage. For those interested I hold a more constrained view as a universal principle for human society, i.e. volition is the prerequisite of all moral interaction between humans. From these premises I would like to preempt possible strategies of my opponent by implication. #1 means I will not entertain the notion that even if bestiality/zoophilia is moral it is detrimental to society and that constitutes a legal basis for banning it. For those who consider this unfair I ask you to think of all those things demonstrably detrimental to society that the law does allow for on the basis of personal freedom. #2 means that I will not entertain sentiments which associate the term morality with emotional appeals, religious dogma, or mindless. If it is not wrong and you wish to merely point out how it can sometimes be dangerous or play a negative role in someone’s life then I’ll leave you to it; that is not the resolution I wish to argue. #2 also means that there is no such thing as ‘one case at a time’ moral judgments, nothing is good or evil in a vacuum but can only be so in the context of a mountain of previously derived facts. Identifying and challenging double standards is a key technique in discovering moral fallacies. If someone can, on whim, use one standard of moral judgment in case A and another in case B then no moral debate is possible. Therefore if you are someone who thinks comparing zoophilia to homosexuality or to the practice of eating animal meat is a red herring then you should not accept the challenge. #3 means you are willing to debate the matter of consent, I love to debate ethics and no doubt I will on this site but if you do not believe consent is the moral principle involved here you are almost certainly going to turn this into a philosophical debate. Some notes on terms: I use the term Bestiality/zoophilia, some other people make distinctions between these terms; I mean the practice of interspecies sex specifically involving humans as one of the species. Is zoophilia a sexual orientation? I think so, as far as the word has objective meaning. Bottom line is that some people desire sexual relations with animals. I do not believe the causes of this phenomenon are relevant to the debate nor do I believe there is enough scientific ground work to attempt to answer that question. The homosexual movement has been chugging away for decades and nobody really has a clue what causes it. Consent, and this is important, is defined as “permission for something to happen or agreement to do something” http://oxforddictionaries.com... . I am fully aware that the idea of informed consent in legal circles is different and much stricter. I do not mean legal/informed consent when I say consent. No one who has a pet, no one who has partook in any animal derived products has ever had informed consent from any animals. It is an impossibility even for humans to give perfect informed consent because it presupposes that both parties are perfectly aware of the consequences of an action. Something that requires the ability to predict the future with 100% certainty. In practice what is meant by informed consent is that one party discloses any information about the interaction which may reasonably be expected to affect the other’s decision. If one party does not have the information it cannot be given. If the other party is incapable of receiving the information it is not considered a requirement. For instance, you bring an unconscious stranger into a hospital, the doctor will still treat them on the presumption that they want to be healed. There is no consent informed or otherwise. Under the constraints set out above the question is: A.) Can an animal give permission or agreement to a member of another species for sexual interaction? There are two possible reasons why the answer to that could be no in all cases: 1. No species is capable of communicating permission, agreement, or anything really to a member of another species implicitly or explicitly 2. No species is psychologically capable of granting consent to another species We can knock out #2 by the mere fact that this is an issue. Humans must be capable of granting consent to another species if they pursue sexual relations with them. Surely you could say humans are an exception but that would require some explanation. Why would humans be the only species capable of accepting interspecies sex? How could you reconcile this with observed instances of interspecies sex between two non-human species? Even if a creature is incapable of choosing between acting and not acting a certain way it cannot be said that it does not consent. Instead it is more accurate to say that consent is not conceptually applicable to that species. If a wasp stings you, you might think it was merely the sum of stimuli up to that point that caused it. There is not enough of an independent consciousness in a wasp brain to ever decide not to sting you given the same inputs. It is incorrect to say that the wasp accepts or refuses the interaction. It does neither but if you had to choose, it would be acceptance because if it did have the ability to choose obviously its actions would reflect its choice. #1 is a little harder but not by much. Consider the following premise It is impossible for a creature to pursue an action to which it does not consent provided it does not fear retribution for failure to comply. This can be established easily by looking at its negation which is “It is possible for a creature to pursue a course of action it does not consent to, even if there is no fear of retribution for failure to comply”. It’s a contradiction in terms. If it can agree with anything it must agree with itself. Therefore even in the absence of verbal or body language, if an animal pursues a course of action where no negative consequences have ever been employed as the result of failing to pursue said course of action, then it has implicitly communicated its intention and its acceptance of the action. If that action is in fact an interaction it must also consent to the interaction. To compound that point most animals which zoophiles are interested in mating with are quite capable of body language and vocal communication of a basic sort. Note that “Yes” and “No” are very basic communications which any higher animal owner can attest to understanding. Whether that decision is the result of some faculty of self-determination or is pure instinct is actually irrelevant. If it is pure instinct then the creature never had any freedom to violate. If it has self-determination then it is determining things for itself. In summation if there exists any example of an animal showing through action absent negative conditioning the acceptance of sexual relations with another species the answer to question A is Yes, at least in some cases. If in some cases an animal can consent to interspecies sex, then surely in some cases an animal can consent to sex with a human, thus on the consent principle it is moral to have sex with an animal.. in some cases. I want to wrap up with an example question: Horseback riding. Do you believe a horse can consent to being ridden? How would you know?

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/Zoophilia-Bestiality-should-be-legal-and-is-not-inherently-immoral/1/
  • PRO

    The handler must show proof of some kind of disability or...

    There should be a government regulated service dog registry

    First off, I will describe how such a system would work. *The handler must show proof of some kind of disability or substantial mental illness. *The dog must pass a *The handler must show proof of some kind of disability or substantial mental illness. *The dog must pass a basic public access test (High distraction environment, must show no aggression, be able to ignore food, people, other dogs, and remain in the handler's control) I am currently in the midst of training an autism assistance dog for myself, and having an official registry would make it less likely people would assume Asher a fake service dog, and would make it easier to spot and prosecute fake dogs and handlers.

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/There-should-be-a-government-regulated-service-dog-registry/1/
  • PRO

    His second to last statement: "Meanwhile Male...

    The Circumcision of minors without absolute medical necessity should be banned

    My opponent claims that quote : "Female Genital Mutilation is objectively far worse than circumcision... Female circumcision can remove the pleasure from sex almost entirely for women for the entirety of their lives." How then is it any different? Circumcision destroys 75% of a males ability to feel pleasure, {1} this is most certainly the moral equivalent to Female Genital Mutilation. Further, he states that: "Meanwhile peer reviewed scientific studies have found that when you compare circumcised men to non-circumcised men 'Penile sensitivity did not differ across circumcision status for any stimulus type or penile site.'" This is clearly false- removing half of a persons erogenous tissue as well as the fraenulum and the rigid band, THE most sensitive parts of the male genitalia, is obviously going to affect penile sensitivity. He continues and claims: "Female circumcision typically causes a host of health issues including..." No one doubted that FGM was horrible, but honest to the non-existent God, MGM has a number of horrible side effects as well- and actually shares the majority of these side effects. His second to last statement: "Meanwhile Male circumcision gives health benefits. The World Health Organisation for instance points out that "Male circumcision is one of the oldest and most common surgical procedures worldwide, and is undertaken for many reasons: religious, cultural, social and medical. There is conclusive evidence from observational data and three randomized controlled trials that circumcised men have a significantly lower risk of becoming infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)." Yes, I am well aware that the WHO holds a double standard in regards to Male and Female Genital Mutilation- with regards to this, they completely ignore the fact that Female Genital Mutilation also reduces the chances of HIV. {2} Either way, I don't see how this justifies anything- if you cut off your whole penis your chances of catching an STD would drop to 0, and it would cure any STD's you had prior, would this then make it morally legitimate to chop off males entire penises? After all, you can't get Genital Herpes without Genitals right? Finally, my opponent states: "Lastly, I would point out that the freedom to practice religion is enshrined in the Universal Deceleration of Human Rights (article 18). Infringing people's religious rights is a violation of one of the most fundamental and basic sets of morality governing all humankind." Religious freedom is necessarily limited to that which an individual decides to do with their own self- this in no way permits people to infringe others liberties in the practise of their religion. It was part of the Mayans religion to rip out their children's hearts, and yet this is banned, regardless of a persons religion. It is part of the Muslims religion to commit terrorist attacks, and yet this is illegal, without regard to the religion of the person committing them. The babies that this barbaric practise is being done to are not Jews or Muslims, they are Atheists- and so this practise is not permitted under the Freedom of Religion, but instead violates this right. Milton Friedman states: "We do not believe in the right of the parents to do whatever they will with their children- to beat them, murder them, or sell them into slavery. Children are responsible individuals in embryo. They have ultimate rights of heir own and are not simply the play-things of their parents." {3} {1}. https://www.avoiceformen.com... {2}. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu... {3}. "Free to Chose," by Milton and Rose Friedman, Chapter 1.

CON

  • CON

    I'm sure that Parliament has more important things to be...

    The British monarchy should be abolished.

    I apologize for that. I tried to avoid calling the entire UK "England" during this, but in the states she's known as the Queen of England. It slipped out. I honestly think that the second the sweet little old lady is gone, the movement to get the monarchy gone will dramatically increase in size. Let's get this debate going again. "The Windsors are an upper-class, white family. How can this possibly be representative of British society, when people of British nationality now have all sorts of ethnic backgrounds? Are most people in Britain posh and wealthy? Short answer: no." Correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe that it is safe to assume that were the monarchy displaced, the Prime Minister would become the new Head of State. If this is true, then the whole posh white people think wouldn't end with monarchy. The current Prime Minister is David Cameron. His family is worth £30,000,000 ($50,000,000). He's not exactly worried about his next electricity bill. Also, he's white. "In response to your point about how Republics had slaves in the past, I remind you that correlation doesn't imply causation." I wasn't trying to say that correlation equals causation, I'm quite surprised it was taken that way. My point was that there have been good monarchies, and bad republics. I'd rather live in a monarchy with a benevolent ruler than a republic with immoral values. "To pick up on the word 'stable', let it be known that Monarchies do not unite and stabilise countries." North Korea has a dictator, and it's actually becoming more stable. [8]. Regarding where pro mentioned that monarchies do not unite, I'd like it to be noticed that a strong leader can definitely unify a nation. "In fact, the three most active separatist movements in Europe are in countries with monarchies: Scotland in the UK, Catalonia in Spain and Flanders in Belgium." A source here would be absolutely lovely. "The Crown has strong powers called Royal Prerogative powers which the Queen may use as she pleases." Getting rid of an entire system because of the theoretical powers the queen has is a waste of time. I'm sure that Parliament has more important things to be doing. Frankly, the Queen has been much more sparing with her ability to declare war than the Prime Minister's have been. When the UK entered Iraq in 2003, that was from a declaration of war by the PM, not her majesty. The only real problem I see with Royal Prerogative is the crown immunity [9]. The monarch should be accountable for their actions. I still don't believe that the entire position should be eradicated for that one reason though. Maybe the powers should be slightly more limited is all. "No. The Universal Deceleration of Human Rights states that all are born 'equal in dignity and rights'". I shall revisit this with a new argument. The children of all world leaders are born with more rights than other children. If the UN isn't going to care about Sasha and Malia Obama having the ability to go a fancy private school on taxpayer money, they shouldn't care about what the leaders of the UK do. "I know exactly how the Royal Family has obtained money. I like to enter debates with a full knowledge of the topic in question." Definition of "earn": To bring about or cause deservedly [10] Earn doesn't necessarily relate to money. I was referring to how they've earned what they have. I was not referring to how they obtained money. Also, even if that was my point, Pro failed to tell me how the obtained money even after stating "I like to enter debates with a full knowledge of the topic in question." Time out: I like to debate things outside of my realm of complete understanding because research is a great way to learn. Time in: The population of the United Kingdom is 64.3 Million people according to the government's website. £299,400,000/64,300,000= £4.65. 4 and a half pounds is pretty negligible given that in 2009 some places in the UK were paying as much as an average of £10,500 in taxes per person. [12]. Even if it does cost the average taxpayer to house the crown, it's not really that much. "Prince William and Kate recently had their Kensington apartment refurbished at a cost of around "4,000,000 to the taxpayer." I honestly have nothing to say about that. That's pretty messed up. As I said before, maybe higher restrictions are a better alternative than complete abolition. "Would the American people tolerate it if President Obama's cousin's son was given a lovely $6,000,000? I think not." Obama could personally fly to Nigeria to fight the Ebola outbreak and would still be criticized about it. I understand your point but he's a bad example. "The Louvre, the palace in which the French Royals lived, in 2012 saw 8,000,000 visitors through its doors." That may be true, but the Louvre is not used as a palace anymore. It is a museum that houses some fantastic pieces of art. Also, France is the most visited country in the world [13]. It's only fitting that the Louvre would be so much more popular than Buckingham Palace. "What has this baby contributed to the world to make it important? Absolutely nothing, it has been born." Well what have you contributed to the world aside from being born? The two men you named: Hawking and Mandela have been extremely influential. Get out there, make a name for yourself. Become rich and famous. There are many countries with worse economic mobility than in Scotland. "This Baby is going to be the Head of State one day. Why should the thousands of other babies in this country one day not have that chance of success in life?" Well you always have the possibility of becoming the Prime Minister. At this point the crown does nothing more than ceremonial things, and the PM seems to be the de facto head of state. In conclusion, the monarchy should stay but face tighter restrictions. Also, I do not believe that Pro refuted my point that there have been good monarchies and bad republics. Finally, I think that Parliament has more important things to be doing than worry that the 88 year old lady will try to take back absolute control. [8] http://blogs.wsj.com... [9] http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk... [10] http://dictionary.reference.com... [11] http://ons.gov.uk... [12] http://www.dailymail.co.uk... [13] http://en.wikipedia.org...

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/The-British-monarchy-should-be-abolished./1/
  • CON

    They externally shape the life of society, but also...

    should gay marriage be legalized

    It Violates Natural Law Marriage is not just any relationship between human beings. It is a relationship rooted in human nature and thus governed by natural law. Natural law’s most elementary precept is that “good is to be done and pursued, and evil is to be avoided.” By his natural reason, man can perceive what is morally good or bad for him. Thus, he can know the end or purpose of each of his acts and how it is morally wrong to transform the means that help him accomplish an act into the act’s purpose. Any situation which institutionalizes the circumvention of the purpose of the sexual act violates natural law and the objective norm of morality. Being rooted in human nature, natural law is universal and immutable. It applies to the entire human race, equally. It commands and forbids consistently, everywhere and always. Saint Paul taught in the Epistle to the Romans that the natural law is inscribed on the heart of every man. (Rom. 2:14-15) It Always Denies a Child Either a Father or a Mother It is in the child’s best interests that he be raised under the influence of his natural father and mother. This rule is confirmed by the evident difficulties faced by the many children who are orphans or are raised by a single parent, a relative, or a foster parent. The unfortunate situation of these children will be the norm for all children of a same-sex “marriage.” A child of a same-sex “marriage” will always be deprived of either his natural mother or father. He will necessarily be raised by one party who has no blood relationship with him. He will always be deprived of either a mother or a father role model. Same-sex “marriage” ignores a child’s best interests. It Validates and Promotes the Homosexual Lifestyle In the name of the “family,” same-sex “marriage” serves to validate not only such unions but the whole homosexual lifestyle in all its bisexual and transgender variants. Civil laws are structuring principles of man's life in society. As such, they play a very important and sometimes decisive role in influencing patterns of thought and behavior. They externally shape the life of society, but also profoundly modify everyone’s perception and evaluation of forms of behavior. Legal recognition of same-sex “marriage” would necessarily obscure certain basic moral values, devalue traditional marriage, and weaken public morality. It Turns a Moral Wrong into a Civil Right Homosexual activists argue that same-sex “marriage” is a civil rights issue similar to the struggle for racial equality in the 1960s. This is false. First of all, sexual behavior and race are essentially different realities. A man and a woman wanting to marry may be different in their characteristics: one may be black, the other white; one rich, the other poor; or one tall, the other short. None of these differences are insurmountable obstacles to marriage. The two individuals are still man and woman, and thus the requirements of nature are respected. Same-sex “marriage” opposes nature. Two individuals of the same sex, regardless of their race, wealth, stature, erudition or fame, will never be able to marry because of an insurmountable biological impossibility. Secondly, inherited and unchangeable racial traits cannot be compared with non-genetic and changeable behavior. There is simply no analogy between the interracial marriage of a man and a woman and the “marriage” between two individuals of the same sex. It Does Not Create a Family but a Naturally Sterile Union Traditional marriage is usually so fecund that those who would frustrate its end must do violence to nature to prevent the birth of children by using contraception. It naturally tends to create families. On the contrary, same-sex “marriage” is intrinsically sterile. If the “spouses” want a child, they must circumvent nature by costly and artificial means or employ surrogates. The natural tendency of such a union is not to create families. Therefore, we cannot call a same-sex union marriage and give it the benefits of true marriage. It Defeats the State’s Purpose of Benefiting Marriage One of the main reasons why the State bestows numerous benefits on marriage is that by its very nature and design, marriage provides the normal conditions for a stable, affectionate, and moral atmosphere that is beneficial to the upbringing of children—all fruit of the mutual affection of the parents. This aids in perpetuating the nation and strengthening society, an evident interest of the State. Homosexual “marriage” does not provide such conditions. Its primary purpose, objectively speaking, is the personal gratification of two individuals whose union is sterile by nature. It is not entitled, therefore, to the protection the State extends to true marriage. It Imposes Its Acceptance on All Society By legalizing same-sex “marriage,” the State becomes its official and active promoter. The State calls on public officials to officiate at the new civil ceremony, orders public schools to teach its acceptability to children, and punishes any state employee who expresses disapproval. In the private sphere, objecting parents will see their children exposed more than ever to this new “morality,” businesses offering wedding services will be forced to provide them for same-sex unions, and rental property owners will have to agree to accept same-sex couples as tenants. In every situation where marriage affects society, the State will expect Christians and all people of good will to betray their consciences by condoning, through silence or act, an attack on the natural order and Christian morality. It Is the Cutting Edge of the Sexual Revolution In the 1960s, society was pressured to accept all kinds of immoral sexual relationships between men and women. Today we are seeing a new sexual revolution where society is being asked to accept sodomy and same-sex “marriage.” If homosexual “marriage” is universally accepted as the present step in sexual “freedom,” what logical arguments can be used to stop the next steps of incest, pedophilia, bestiality, and other forms of unnatural behavior? Indeed, radical elements of certain “avant garde” subcultures are already advocating such aberrations. The railroading of same-sex “marriage” on the American people makes increasingly clear what homosexual activist Paul Varnell wrote in the Chicago Free Press: "The gay movement, whether we acknowledge it or not, is not a civil rights movement, not even a sexual liberation movement, but a moral revolution aimed at changing people's view of homosexuality." It Offends God This is the most important reason. Whenever one violates the natural moral order established by God, one sins and offends God. Same-sex “marriage” does just this. Accordingly, anyone who professes to love God must be opposed to it. Marriage is not the creature of any State. Rather, it was established by God in Paradise for our first parents, Adam and Eve. As we read in the Book of Genesis: “God created man in His image; in the Divine image he created him; male and female He created them. God blessed them, saying: ‘Be fertile and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it.’” (Gen. 1:28-29) The same was taught by Our Savior Jesus Christ: “From the beginning of the creation, God made them male and female. For this cause a man shall leave his father and mother; and shall cleave to his wife.” (Mark 10:6-7). Genesis also teaches how God punished Sodom and Gomorrah for the sin of homosexuality: “The Lord rained down sulphurous fire upon Sodom and Gomorrah. He overthrew those cities and the whole Plain, together with the inhabitants of the cities and the produce of the soil.” (Gen. 19:24-25) Taking a Principled not a Personal Stand In writing this statement, we have no intention to defame or disparage anyone. We are not moved by personal hatred against any individual. In intellectually opposing individuals or organizations promoting the homosexual agenda, our only intent is the defense of traditional marriage, the family, and the precious remnants of Christian civilization. As practicing Catholics, we are filled with compassion and pray for those who struggle against unrelenting and violent temptation to homosexual sin. We pray for those who fall into homosexual sin out of human weakness, that God may assist them with His grace. We are conscious of the enormous difference between these individuals who struggle with their weakness and strive to overcome it and others who transform their sin into a reason for pride and try to impose their lifestyle on society as a whole, in flagrant opposition to traditional Christian morality and natural law. However, we pray for these too. We pray also for the judges, legislators and government officials who in one way or another take steps that favor homosexuality and same-sex “marriage.” We do not judge their intentions, interior dispositions, or personal motivations. We reject and condemn any violence. We simply exercise our liberty as children of God (Rom. 8:21) and our constitutional rights to free speech and the candid, unapologetic and unashamed public display of our Catholic faith. We oppose arguments with arguments. To the arguments in favor of homosexuality and same-sex “marriage” we respond with arguments based on right reason, natural law and Divine Revelation. In a polemical statement like this, it is possible that one or another formulation may be perceived as excessive or ironic. Such is not our intention.

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/should-gay-marriage-be-legalized/19/
  • CON

    1] I will explain the point on sperm and egg (gametes)...

    Abortion should be illegal

    Thanks to Pro for a provocative continuation to what has become a very intriguing debate. The nuance, clarified in the comments, is acceptable, so long as harms to children and their families are within its domain. While I didn't present such a moral wrong directly in response to Pro's 3rd contention, my points indirectly addressed it. Always preferring the life of the potential child to any other due to its relative innocence, I would say, could lead to much the same end, since those lives are far less likely to be able to create children given that they may never reach reproductive age. But I don't think this factors heavily into the round. But let's move into his responses. I like his formatting, so I'll stick to it as well. Humanity and personhood: Pro drops my analysis about what distinguishes something that is biologically human from a human being. He states that there is no scientific way to evaluate this separation. Consciousness, reasoning, self-motivated activity, the capacity to communicate and the presence of self-awareness are all able to evaluated. I also provided a separate delineation based on on "brain birth." We can detect brain waves in the higher brain by EEG. I've provided two separate mechanisms to make this delineation. These objective mechanisms haven't been addressed. Ignoring these arguments doesn't make them "prejudicial, arbitrary and unfounded." So long as a fetus is only biologically human and lacks actual personhood, Pro's argument that legal action should be taken to protect their lives at the cost of any human lives is insufficient. In fact, his initial contentions are couched in them being persons, so the Second Formulation fails to apply. He discusses the morality of killing or maiming a fetus. Pro will find no disagreement from me with regards to the morality of causing harm to a fetus simply because they are not deemed to be persons. However, while it has value (and its potential to become a person affords it more value to humans), that doesn't mean that it has same value as the mother. The mother is not potentially a person; she is a person. I'll grant that miscarriages will likely be a small issue. However, Pro has not addressed the issue of in vitro fertilization. If aborting a zygote is banned, then so is IVF, which removes the capacity for many couples that are infertile or face genetic concerns with no capacity to have children. Those lives have meaning too, and under this ban, they have no chance at a human life. Value of mother vs. child: Pro provides no response to my argumentation, allowing that the mother's life should be preferred. As such, health issues that could result in the mother's death or maiming should always be preferred to the life of the child, and therefore a ban would wreak major harms. Some of those physical harms are posted here.[1] I will explain the point on sperm and egg (gametes) vs. zygote in terms of human life. Pro states that potential human life is to be valued. He doesn't provide a cutoff for what that potential must be for it to be valued in this way. Since any life before what is viable outside the womb is potential life, and since a zygote has a far lower potential of becoming human life than a 12 week old (about 75% chance of miscarriage to 5%)[2], any potential life should be viewed the same here. Every gamete is a potential life. Even if its potential is significantly lower than that of a zygote, the potential remains, and therefore it must be regarded in the same light. On back-alley abortions, we again have to go back to the burdens. Pro has to prove that significant harms aren't caused by making it illegal. The reality is that this is a significant harm. Not to mention that each mother killed or made infertile by the practice is another who can never have a child. Victims of rape: Again, Pro falls short of a full response. He provides no response to the basic fact that forcing them to go through the full pregnancy and the labor at the end of it is making the state complicit in enhancing their mental anguish. If I prove nothing else here, this showcases a significant harm of such a ban. When the trauma can result in harm to other life, and the life being lost is not yet a person, there is room for permissibility. The paper I cited here does state that "rape-related pregnancy...it is a cause of many unwanted pregnancies and is closely linked with family and domestic violence," so no, it doesn't address the issue of abortion specifically. Instead, what it showcases is that rape-induced pregnancy can cause major mental concerns. My point is a logical extension: the longer they're forced to deal with that pregnancy, the further the mental trauma and therefore the more likely these abuses are. On the 1% of abortions point. Remember, Pro is the only one here arguing for denying every single one of them access to an abortion. 1% of all women who get an abortion in a year is a substantial number: 1.21 million people got an abortion in 2007,[3] so that's 12,000 people. Pro could have argued about restricting abortions to rape victims. He didn't. Under this ban, their access is denied, and this means a number can now be attributed to the harm caused by it. Fate of the child: I disagree with Pro's assessment of my heartlessness. Sure, I'm a terrible person, but that's in no way reflected in my argument. Pro's argument suggests that there should be no choice on the part of the mother or the child " if the child should have to endure Tay-Sachs, then it will have no choice but to endure it over the course of its extremely abbreviated life. The prevention of intense suffering is not heartless. On sickle-cell, the stem cell treatments have yet to be approved by the FDA, hence the vast majority of people suffering from it will continue having to suffer and aren't certain to ever have access. As for the bone marrow treatments for alymphocytosis, they can be effective, but come with high risk. Both of these come at high cost, supercharging arguments about classism. Huntington's can have symptoms as early as 1 years old, can't be treated, and in most cases do include mental and physical harms, such as corea. Personality changes, cognition, and motor control issues are common. It's so bad that 5-10% of people who get the diagnosis commit suicide[4] Pro is completely non-responsive to Edwards Syndrome and Tay-Sachs, and as a ban would require that these kids be born, he still has to answer for the suffering that the vast majority of them will endure for their short lives. His arguments about child abuse are all well and good in an ideal world, but not sufficient. We have strict laws meant to deal with abuse. It still happens, and as I've explained, this linearly increases the problem. And since those children suffice as persons, whereas these don't, there is a difference between making those two arguments. The claim that there will be fewer pregnancies following such a ban is unwarranted. The fact that some people currently use it as a form of birth control when they could use preventative measures that are much simpler, have fewer associated dangers, and are less costly is a sign that they're going to make the same decision after the ban is implemented. The link he provides is factually incorrect. The highest rates of teen pregnancy are depicted here.[5] The article Pro posted mentions that pregnancy is down in every state that requires notification of parents. Here's the list of states that require it.[6] Looking back at the map, many of them have the worst teen pregnancy rates in the country. Given this, and the fact that he's otherwise non-responsive to my point about overtaxed adoption systems, Pro is making a bad situation far worse for many. Classism: The ineffectiveness of minimum wage laws to combat bad labor practices of companies doesn't make those laws bad. The fact that we have laws against child and slave labor that don't function overseas doesn't make them bad. However, when a law creates classist issues by removing alternatives to the extremely expensive process of raising a child, that is a problem. When that law has loopholes that are only easily accessible by those with sufficient resources, that law now only applies to those with the fewest. Remember, it is part of Pro's burden to prove that he doesn't cause substantial harms by implementation of this law. Such a policy does substantial (and mostly untouched) harms to the poor, even if that's not a part of its intention. With that, I await Pro's concluding post. 1. http://www.nlm.nih.gov... 2. http://www.pregnancyloss.info... 3. http://www.operationrescue.org... 4. http://www.sciencedirect.com... 5. http://www.thenationalcampaign.org... 6. http://www.guttmacher.org...

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/Abortion-should-be-illegal/20/
  • CON

    There is a certian biological point where a fetus coluld...

    abortion should be illegal in first trimester, but not investigated nor punished*

    *Citations for last speech in comments, they didn't copy!* First, I am going to ffer some brief argumentation to the points that my opponent brought up in his final speech. Then, I will break down this round, and show you, the judge, why this round is an easy vote for the Con. To quickly address the BOP argmentation, there is nothing that the Pro has provided that really substantially answers the question of why we should accept this rather vague notion that it should be illegal to have an abortion during the first tri-mester but that this law should not be pursued. This seems like the kind of plan that one would submit for decriminalizing marijuana or drugs or some other practice that is already against the law. My point here is that, throughout the argumentation you have been presented with, there is really no substantiation as to why we should follow this sort of plan. Thus, given that you should automatically default to the Con. My opponent begins his "arguments" with this idea that values and arguments about morals are not quantitative. The pro argues that there is inherent value. This argument is at best confusing and at worst a deliberate attempt to completely obfuscate the field of philosophy. There are thousands of people who have spent their lives in pursuit of universal truths about value. The truth is that we have not found that, but that does not mean that value and morals are this vague notion that cannot be figured out. Moving on: again, my opponent tries to obfuscate issues. The pro in their last speech attempts to liken the personhood argument by claiming that viability is like a snowball or a lego...which is just a modified version of the Heap problem. Essentially what my opponent is attempting to argue--not well, but is attempting--is to say that the point of viability is just a "fuzzy line." This is nonesense. There is a certian biological point where a fetus coluld live outside the womb without assistance. Period. That is the point of viability. That may not be the same for all pregnancies, but that point of viability is an instance. It is not some vague notion like the heap. Thus, the idea that there is this arbitrariness to viability is obliterated. Then, in this same argumentation, the Pro offers this idea that the trimester marik is arbitrary as well. Based on Pro's own logic, if there is an arbitrary natuyre to ths point of the first trimester, then you should bvote for the side that avoids being arbitrary--thus warranting a vote for the Con. On this rather bizarre argument from the Pro that if there is an accident that attaches a victim to a wrong-doers body, no would would argue that the wrong doer should kill the innocent victim. First of all, this seems to be a bizzare twist of Judith Jarvis Thomson's violinist example. But this argument fails for a number of reasons. First, in the matter of a pregnancy, a woman contemplating abortion is not a wrong-doer. The act of having sex is not inherently wrong. Thus, this analogy breaks down. As a last-ditch effort, the Pro attempts to characterize Thomson's burglar analogy as faulty by saying that leaving a door open in a dangerous neighborhood is not tantamount the act of having sex. My opponent says that this is a "passive" and "sloppy" behavior, but that it does not constitute the active action of having sex. However, if we further look at this point, the act of leavingt one's door open is active. The act of not instituting protections is active. Primarily, we must see that there really is no such thing as a passive action. Just like thte act of omitting action is an action, so too is passive action active action. However, even if you don't buy this distinction, the Pro does not argue how this negates the idea that a fetus does not posses rights to its mother's body. Thus, once this is concluded, we have one final nail in the Pro's coffin. Breaking down the round quickly. S/G: Pro does not use capitalization or any sort of spell check. Just copy/paste this debate into a word document and see the difference. I urge a vote for the Con for S/G out of sheer lack of trying from the pro. Sourcing: The Con provides solid philosophical reasoning and sourcing for the arguments. Pro provides no sourcing. Arguments: You have seen above that there really is no BOP upheld. The Pro provides no solid reasoning as to why we should accept this resolution. All reasoning seems to be that abortion is bad, but he does not fulfill BOP as far as arguing for the resolution. Please vote for Con here. Conduct: No rounds are dropped, but I think it is clear from the quality of the debate, the argumentation, and the spelling and grammar that the Pro made a mockery of this debate. There is no formalized argumentation and the BOP is not upheld. I urge a vote for Con here simply because the Pro made little to no effort in attempting to prove this rather interesting resolution. Once again, thank you for reading!

  • CON

    see Part II 2.2/2.3 4b Zygote-Slavery | The believe or...

    DDO Tournament Debate: Zygotes Should be Recognized as Persons

    Rebuttal Part I | Con in Round 2 Note | I am mixing up the order (not the numbering) to coordinate the rebuttal arguments into good setting for me. 1a regression | I don't see how every human organism is automatically a person. A male teenager is sexually mature. That does not automatically mean that he always has been sexually mature. Sexual maturity is a process but at a point he is not at all sexually mature (at birth f.i.) and at a point he certainly is. I don't see why personhood cannot be a process as well? The universality of personhood is only one interpretation. 1b reproduction | Yet again Con shows that a zygote is a human organism. Not how this makes it automatically a person. Personhood doesn't automatically equal these two. Being a human organism is biology. Being a person is law terminology (see following arguments for more context). 2 / 4a equality and discrimination | Discrimination is a daily problem. And will always be a problem. You cannot abolish discrimination. From 30 points in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [UDoHR] most of them have a hidden AND/BUT in it. Liberty [7], Article 3, and residence, Article 13, f.i.: You have to be human & never convicted of (a certain) crime in your country. Quoting Article 1 from the UDoHR [7] : "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.", we might even state that to be born is the most basic characteristic of being able to hold a right. Mentally disabled people and children are and will always be discriminated in a necessary and an unnecessary way. They cannot be allowed to drive or buy a gun. That is a form of discrimination. But necessary. But they can hold (to a certain extend of interpretation) all the 30 rights from the Declaration. An unborn cannot. Mainly when they interfere with the mother's. - see Part II 2.2/2.3 4b Zygote-Slavery | The believe or imply with comparision that unborns are the mother's slaves is something I totally object. They are of no financial/work benefit for the mother (to their own harm especially) yet they are a permanent health risk for her. A woman enslaves herself when she becomes pregnant. Not the other way around. 3 Superset | I enjoyed the conclusion of the idea that personhood is a superset of humanity, yet Con may forgot to actually show that personhood is superset of humanity. Up till then the examples given are slightly irrelevant. Rebuttal Part II | Con in Round 3 Note | The reason why I did not use sub-numbering for subarguments was to avoid having them seen as a single statement. I am dealing with them the way Con structured them, but I want to underline that they are meant to be read in context of each other. 1.0 Objection | A development progress doesn't equal the initial form with the final form. Con is wrong to conclude that I agreed with him. I am not disagreeing now but I object the interpretation because it was not what I said and I don't like it when my own words are getting twisted. 1.1 Development | Unequal rights for unequal development stages are daily life. Con's statement is wrong, that we don't practise this daily. Children have a lower developed judgement for speed [5], that's why they are not allowed to drive till they are older. 1.2 A DNA | I disapprove the words spent on the showing the similarities between my statement and racism. The statement, that 99% human DNA are identical implies opposite (because it acknowledges how much we all have in common, despite the looks) and the picture and cartoon can therefore only be misused to twist my arguments. 1.2 B Identical Twins | Con cannot turn down my Twin argument, by explaining how identical twins biologically occur. "How" is not the answer to the problem I outlined. 1.3 A Potential | I've not stated that murders or popes have a different claim on personhood. The argument of potential was there to show that you cannot award personhood on the potential that they might have, because you cannot evaluate that potential. Potential is an often used argument for the personhood of Zygote and I was probably wrong to use it before Con introduced it himself. We might want to put that on hold therefore. 1.3 B In-Vitro | Agreeing that personhood influences in-vitro I would probably move it to the practical approach section, because personhood automatically forbids most research that involve stem cells. A field that has been highly successful to keep the 2.0 Acknowledgment | I was expecting critique here. And I am glad my opponent took the time there because it's morally important to ask these questions. Some of the arguments are actually relativisation of profit and life and should never be solely enough for a decision. But they show that not only the best motives but also their applicability need to be considered. There is no use (= it shouldn't) in considering a Zygote a person if there is no way to fulfill the demands of that status. And that is a valid thing to consider and not latently racism. 2.1 A Biologically connected | A unborn and a mother are not totally separated. Nearly everything a woman does to her body, influences the unborn. Smoking and Alcohol are just two examples. There health systems are linked and to argue that a unborn is plain a "different organism" is not acknowledging that link sufficiently. 2.2 B/C Why it's a paradox | Con did a bit too much splitting here. B/C are linked. B - That one cell in comparison to over 700 billion having the same rights is not an argument that a cell cannot be a person but to prepare a base for the problem in "C" C - Con (as male?) might not be close to seeing that pregnancy is risky for a woman. Peripartum cardiomyopathy, preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, fatty liver of pregnancy, and amniotic fluid emboli [6] are actual health risks and every pregnant woman risks her life as well. If a woman actually is facing the situation that her death can only be prevented by abortion and the second "person" in her at the same time has the right to live, than the paradoxical situation occurs that a woman has to give up her right to live (personhood) to ensure the personhood status of the unborn. Or the other way around. Or both acknowledge their personhood and both die. That is of course an option. And for Con can it only be the only one. 2.2 D Dependence| A grown person can survive on his/her own. They probably never learned how but they physically can. A zygote cannot be taught how to develop an organ system outside a whomb. 2.3 Society | This is not about "Cotton Fields" this is about pregnant woman. Scared woman that face death, shame, social exclusion, poverty, suicide. For them it's (A) a philosophical mess because "personhood" makes them either murderers, (mentally/physically) ruined or dead (which would also make them murderers to some believes, if they choose to die, because they don't abort = suicide). Personhood is creating the mess. Not my position. The personhood of a zygote is criminalizing Any sort of non-natural abortion (murder) at any time natural abortions due to a woman's false life choices (manslaughter) stem cell research (that ironically helps to make pregnancy safer and extend life) Note | I want to encourage Con to take in account, that we are dealing with linked organisms of which only one is self-aware, can feel physical pain and can encounter the fear of of death, torture and destruction of their sanity. The mother can not be excluded from the question whether a Zygote should be seen as person, because it's influencing her rights. Conclusion | Giving a zygote that status of a person is therfore logically impossible because the resulting rights of all involved parties would contradict itself. [5] http://asrts.gccserver.ca... [6] http://www.medscape.com... [7] http://www.ohchr.org...

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/DDO-Tournament-Debate-Zygotes-Should-be-Recognized-as-Persons/2/
  • CON

    A doctor in training is no fully licensed doctor yet and...

    DDO Tournament Debate: Zygotes Should be Recognized as Persons

    Note | Well this is certainly challenging. Glad to be here, hope this is going to be entertaining. I see two ways to approach the problem: Should Zygotes be recognized as Persons? a SCIENTIFIC APPROACH (1) that ask whether a Zygote is a philosophically person based on indicators provided by science and a PRACTICAL APPROACH (2) challenging whether it should be considered as a person therefore evolving around the question, if there would be any good in considering a Zygote as a person. I want to show that there are good reasons to believe, that a Zygote is not person and that it would not be beneficial for our society as well. 1 | Scientific Approach A Zygote, is a fertilized egg cell. It “represents the first stage in the development of a genetically unique organism” [1]. It subdivides via mitosis into blastomeres which are later the base for everything that is needed for a functioning (human) offspring. 1.1 | Development stage We might feel uncomfortable thinking about ourselves that way. We often have troubles imagining ourselves as infants, because the infant we are thinking about seems to have nothing in common with the person we are today. The difference between a zygote and an infant is even more severe. The basic zygote is only one cell. It doesn’t have a nerve system, blood circuit or self-awareness. It’s scientifically impossible for a zygote to feel pain. It’s a delicate unit (Even the ideal group of women between 20 and 34 showed a spontaneous abortion rate of 7% [3]) that all living things (apart from bacteria) went through: Trees, Flies, Apes – they all were one fertilized cell at the beginning of their existence and all these examples overcome in their adult form a zygote in complexity and awareness. Regarding a zygote as person would mean to put it on one level with all born humans and above everything else. How can we consider it as responsible ethics (and not egoism) to think that one simple fertilized human cell is worth more than a fully grown complex Chimpanzee? 1.2 | Individuality A Zygote holds a unique DNA. Unique, in a relatively small range because two people’s DNA is mostly identical as there is only about 0,1% difference between the genes two random people [2]. With a chimpanzee, that is genetically 1,6% [2] away from the average human DNA, the human zygote has an 1,6% better claim on personhood than an chimpanzee zygote. Because that is the only thing that keeps them apart. There visual and theoretical structure is exactly the same. And a very crucial problem: A zygote might split. Due to our current definition, a person only needs certain rights to make it one. But considering a zygote as an individual makes a zygote that splits into two separately developing cells (Twins) a difficult thing: If identical Twins are two different people, what was their zygote before it split? 1.2 | Potential A right is usually granted on the current situation, not on potential situation. A doctor in training is no fully licensed doctor yet and we have good reasons to not allow them to treat patience, even on the very real potential that they might be doctors soon. Potential is speculation. There is no assurance that a zygote will be born as human infant and granting a right on what might be, is logically not coherent. Not all humans will be born and live up to something we might consider as “greater good”. Some zygotes will later become mass murderers, suicidal or politicians. Some will not naturally not survive the next week of pregnancy. If we’d grant a right based on what might be, we’d have to grant it on all that might be. And that we cannot foresee. A Zygote can be made in labs. Fertilizing an egg outside a woman’s body is daily life for many reproduction scientists. But a Zygote in a Peter’s pence is never going to become a human there. How can we built on a potential that is not even likely. If potential and future is the key, then have these cells no claim on personhood, because they have no potential. If a man fertilizes an egg cell in a Peter’s pence nobody can honestly think that any woman should be forced to carry that zygote into a child. And if that right cannot be granted than the Zygote has no right at all and cannot be a person conclusively. 2 | Practical Approach The Philosophical/ Scientific approach showed many points where only ones personal ethics can tell, what kind of interpretation seems to be the better one for ourselves. Still, Personhood is a concept, to indicate how we should treat and see a living subject. Whether we regard a Zygote as person or not does not change the thing itself. A Zygote is what it is and what we call it does not matter for it. Important is, what we do with those, we regard as a person. Legally we ensure their survival. That’s the most basic right any person gets: the right to live. 2.1 | Paradox To a certain extend can we assume that an egg cell is part of the woman’s body and she has any right do make decisions about her egg cells. A woman’s body is built from about 3.72 × 10^13 cells [4]. One cell is absurdly close to “nothing” compared to that. Yet that one fertilised cell would gain the same right that the other 372 Trillion together. This is primarily paradox, because a woman cannot hold be two people at the same time. Especially because the claim to live that both simultaneously have, might be correlating. We might want to morally ensure that a zygote/foetus/embryo survives, but regarding these as a person would create a definition paradox. Especially for a Zygote goes that it and the Woman carrying it cannot be separated without having one or both “parties” to die. Giving them the correlating rights by giving them the same status, especially as this status is a mere human-made concept, is an unnecessarily self-made mess, which can be best avoided by not regarding a zygote a person. 2.2 | Evaluation and Abortion The term “person” is not practical. It takes the woman nearly any claim on her own body and automatically outlaws abortion for every situation there is. The line between a cell that is not at all and the adult who is certainly a person is not there. But that does not mean that they are the same. Development and Progress always transfere something from one form into another. That a transformation is fluent is no sufficient reason to say it is not there. Just because I cannot say, when I started thinking, does not mean I have always thought nor that I have not been thinking before I can remember thinking. And it also does not mean that I always will think. Pregnancy is philosophically a mess. And the term "person" is making it worse. One might regard a zygote a “person” out of one’s personal religious or ethical believes, but as these believes are not shared by anyone is the real question whether we SHOULD regard it as a person. And considering the down sides of forcing every woman with a fertilized egg inside her to give up half or full claim on her own personhood is a question for evaluation. Abortion has its benefits for society and giving them up, just to apply a man-made term to something that does not care about it, might be over sensible. The current way to theoretically divide a pregnancy in three different stages (zygote, embryo, foetus) that all have different laws protecting or not protecting it makes logically and rationally sense. A zygote shouldn’t be considered a person if that brings us into a position where we have morally and legally hamstrung us all. Sources | [1] The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Zygote http://www.britannica.com... [2] Human Origins: Genetics http://humanorigins.si.edu... [3] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand: Spontaneous Abortion Rate http://europepmc.org... [4] Research Paper: An estimation of the number of cells in the human body http://informahealthcare.com...

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/DDO-Tournament-Debate-Zygotes-Should-be-Recognized-as-Persons/2/
  • CON

    This is what she believes, and she's entitled to that...

    The hijab and/or niqab should be banned

    I thank my opponent for engaging with me on this debate. As agreed with Pro, the focus of this debate will be on the niqab. Contention 1: Infringes on Human Rights and Freedom of Religion In a democracy, everyone is considered equal in front of the law regardless of their ethnicity, race, belief or opinion. The constitutions of all developed nations are very clear about this [1][2][3]. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18 states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance." Banning the niqab is clearly an infringement on the human rights of those who willingly choose and want to wear the niqab. In Canada, the government banned the niqab during oath at citizenship ceremonies. Ishaq, who was banned from wearing the niqab, decided not to take the oath and sued the government over it [4]. She explains "I came to the conclusion that the niqab is mandatory to my faith." While many Muslims disagree with her, it's irrelevant whether she's right or wrong. This is what she believes, and she's entitled to that belief regardless if you like it or not. And this incident clearly shows that she wants to wear the niqab to the point that she's willing to fight the government for it. Therefore, the ban on the niqab is unconstitutional, infringes on human rights and limits freedom of religion and expression.. Contention 2: Harm principle The Harm principle is a "very simple" principle [5] where: “[T] he only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others […] The only part of the conduct of anyone for which he is amenable to society is that which concerns others. […] Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.” In the case of wearing the niqab, there is clearly no harm to others, and therefore it ought not to be banned. Also, the rationale for banning the niqab would be based on the moral values of some citizens, who believe that these actions are harmful to those who are wearing them. But that subjective opinion is merely subjective. Those who wear the niqab hold a different opinion and claim that it makes them feel liberated [6]. A democratic government ought to respect the opinions of all of its citizens and must work tirelessly to ensure that their liberties and freedoms are secured. Contention 3: Discriminates against Muslims and Adverse effects This ban clearly discriminates against Muslims. Human Rights Watch states that "bans of this nature – whether formulated in neutral terms or explicitly targeting the Muslim veil – have a disproportionate impact on Muslim women, and thereby violate the right to not be discriminated against on the basis of religion and gender" [7]. For example, France's ban on headscarves had more adverse effects than benefits. The ban has "isolated and stigmatized Muslim women" [8]. There's also no evidence that the French ban (since 2004) had any positive outcomes. To avoid being labeled discriminatory, France banned all religious symbols altogether. This impacted others such as Sikhs who were banned from wearing the turban, and Christians who were banned from wearing crosses [9]. I personally wear two crosses, how is that harmful to anyone? How can the government dare tell me what I ought to wear or not to wear? If the ban is exclusive to the niqab, then why should I be able to express my belief freely, while Muslims can't? Am I more privileged because of my belief? That's the very definition of discrimination. I demonstrated that banning the niqab is unconstitutional, infringes on human rights, limits freedom of religion and expression, discriminates against Muslim and stigmatizes them. Therefore I urge the reader to stand against such a ban. [1] US constitution, Article 1 [2] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Article 2 [3] European Convention on Human Rights, Article 9 [4] http://www.theglobeandmail.com... [5] John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, pp. 68-69 [6] http://www.theguardian.com... [7] http://www.hrw.org... [8] http://www.nytimes.com... [9] http://www.theguardian.com...

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/The-hijab-and-or-niqab-should-be-banned/1/
  • CON

    Pro's argument here is akin to me making a resolution...

    Raped Women Should Be Euthanised

    Thanks, Envisage. =My case= I. Gendered arguments Pro drops the warrant that we should prefer the impact that come from language because it's real and immediate whereas the policy impacts discussed in round are imaginary, so if I win the kritik I win the debate. Pro has completely failed to answer the kritik--basing policy on sex without warrant to do so is inherently sexist and judges should act with their conscience and vote down all forms of discrimination. Pro asserts that male rape victims should not be euthanized because they don't suffer the same way, but he doesn't explain *how* these differences in suffering justify a policy difference, nor does he cite in round what these difference really are so they can't be considered--reading his source is doing his work for him. Pro says that the resolution doesn't preclude executing male rape victims as well, but he doesn't understand that resolutions that explicitly mention a specific demographic are necessarily exclusive. Pro's argument here is akin to me making a resolution entitled "black people should sit in the back of the bus" and justifying it by saying "well white people should sit in the back of the bus too because the back of the bus is fun". That would be a bad argument because there's no reason to specify black people in that resolution if you aren't going to be making race specific arguments, just like there's no reason to specify women in this debate if you aren't going to make sex specific arguments. Thus since Pro dropped the warrant that we should prefer the kritik over the other arguments and failed to demonstrate why the policy should specify women you can vote Con here. Pro completely misunderstands how he's being heternormative--by assuming peoples genders can be neatly categorized into little boxes he is ignoring sexual minorities. The impact of a heteronormative mindset has already been explained and Pro still never explained what happens to transsexuals, hermaphrodites, and other sexual minorities that could arguably be categorized as women. Indeed, Pro doesn't even dispute the point and doesn't even explain who falls under this broad, sweeping category he calls woman. How on Earth Pro expects you to agree to kill an entire demographic without knowing exactly who they are is beyond me. II. Realism Pros response here falls completely flat. Pro eats away at his economic impacts by arguing that we should implement some complex mechanism for rooting out rape victims after the initial wave of executions. What's going to happen is that the government is going to track down and exterminate those who have reported rape in the past and after that there will be no more reports. When rapists know that they can do whatever they want and there is no legal recourse to stop them, the amount of rapes will vastly increase. The streets will devolve into a mad scrum of vigilante justice with the government powerless to stop the madness. Pro responds that rape is rarely reported in the status quo--this is true and a major issue. Preventing rape from ever being reported would serve only to make things worse. The cost-benefit analysis is completely changed when the rapist knows they will never be caught. I don't think Pro understood the incarceration impact: when women do defend themselves by killing or maiming their rapists, they will have to lie about their motivations lest they be executed which would lead to thousands of women being unjustly thrown into prison. Pros definition for rape is so broad as to include things like groping. So much for Pro's economic savings. Pro's claim that murdering all rape victims will somehow raise awareness for rape is so absurd as to be laughable--that he's seriously arguing that killing any victim who speaks out against their attackers is a good way to raise rape awareness is as good an argument to vote Con as any I could've come up with myself. You should vote Con here because this is a direct solvency takeout: Pro's plan leads to more rape and more expenses. He has literally no impact whatsoever that stands the test of realism. I can't emphasize this enough: his argument about how much rape victims suffer is completely turned by the fact that rape would increase. III. Practical concerns Pros arguments to this rebuttal are ridiculous: that he seriously expects that society would benefit from terminating something around 20% of it's female population is an extremely dubious claim that he's provided no real justification for. The impact of exterminating such a vast amount of the population would be so vast and so unprecedented that it's almost impossible to imagine the impact but it's a safe bet that it outweighs at most $750 per year. The suffering incurred by the loss of a loved one is extreme and anyone who has lost someone they care about can relate--Pro's analysis simply fails to persuade here. Pro accuses me of "special pleading" for arguing that rapists should be imprisoned but rape victims shouldn't be murdered however he's merely strawmanning my argument here and I suspect he knows it. That Pro pretends to not understand the moral difference between punishing the perpetrator of a crime and the victim and how this factors into our decision making is so ridiculous as to defy belief. Pro seriously contends that a welfare system based upon the earnings of the young subsidizing the wealthy can survive a 20% female population loss and to defend this he cites China. Unfortunately for Pro, the male-female disparity in China has been a *huge* cause for concern and has led to abolishing the one child policy in many cases if the first child is a girl[1]. Pro argues that we "should" be jailing all of the rapists anyway which removes them from society. First, the resolution doesn't specify tightening sentences for rapists so he can't claim this impact and secondly if he does he loses out on all of his economic benefits as the cost to imprison someone for a year is vastly more than $750. Pro characterizes my argument that this policy would lead to a governmental collapse as "fantastical" and accuses me of having zero evidence, but he doesn't even attempt to address the warrant behind the argument. The government slaughtering huge amounts of citizens for no reason would certainly cause a backlash against the state--who would trust the government again after they exterminated your mother because some filth victimized her years ago? Pro's demand for evidence is unfair as his suggestion is entirely without precedent but it's fair to say that the psychological impact on the populace would be immense. Certainly the idea of rule of law would be thrown out the window as the state commits unspeakable atrocities in its quest to save us $750 per year. IV. Morality Reject Pro's position because he never made the argument for why we can override the right to life of these women--Pro tries to shift the burden of proof here but like I argued in my framework, a shared burden of proof means only that we're both obligated to provide reasons our world is better and we can still assign unequal burdens on contention level arguments. It was Pro's burden to prove that his impacts were so overwhelming that the commonly recognized right to life can be overridden. At this point I can win simply by appealing to the judge's sense of justice: a life is incredibly valuable, worth far more than $750. Secondly, Pro wants the debate to be judged by a really weird form of utilitarianism where we look at only the societal effects he wants you to look at (money). Pro made did not overcome the argument that societal values like life should be weighed into our utilitarian calculations and has utterly failed to prove that his impacts are so vast that they outweigh the societally granted right to life. Human life is one a sacred principle in every society, it's strictly not utilitarian to ignore what brings society the most utility by ending the things they value in exchange for pocket change. Pro doesn't even win the economic argument--in the last round I cited a card explaining the heavy costs of murder on society. Pro's only real response is that it's intangible and we can't compare intangible costs to tangible ones, but this is simply wrong. Any student with a basic accounting knowledge knows that intangible assets like patents and goodwill are included in companies balance sheets at their estimated dollar value and we can do the same with life. Again, there's clear evidence that society values life extremely highly, far more than what amounts to Pro's drop in the bucket savings. Pro's attacks against the study are unsourced and therefore can be ignored, and there's absolutely no reason why the value individuals--members of society-- put on their own lives shouldn't be weighed in societal calculations. Pro also never disputed the analysis that he gains no advantage because he doesn't say what to use this money for until the last round where he argues that we should just breed 31 million new children into existence every for....reasons? Through...mechanisms? Pro is just grasping at straws trying to cobble together some fancy looking impact to compensate the fact that his entire case is bunk. Indeed, I just can't understand where Pro is coming from here at all. Under any reasonable utilitarian calculation, I come out on top due to the extreme reverence and value society puts on life. Under any individual rights argument I come out on top because I solve for individual suffering by invoking the status quo--women who want to kill themselves can. Pro's argument that this "concedes" to the resolution is bunk. There's no reason to take away the rights of the vast majority of victims who want to live and whatever suffering he solves for is outweighed by life or else these individuals wouldn't continue to live. The resolution is negated. 1. http://www.economist.com...

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/Raped-Women-Should-Be-Euthanised/1/
  • CON

    But, how is abortion acceptable, then? ... I affirm the...

    Abortion should be illegal

    Thank you Pro for giving me an intelligent rebuttal in a very well-mannered approach, building his case and talking enthusiastically about his family. However, his intellect has skewed to generate a plethora of false assumptions regarding my claims. Along with proving why, I will also introduce sound documents and testimonies to effectively fortify my rebuttals and refutations. With all being said, let us advance to the debate. V. Question of Life "Con begins this argument by saying that people argue about this subject"He then submits that we can't trust the scientific facts in play. This is illogical because we have to base debate of what we currently know otherwise debate is worthless." I never stated that I don't have any trust on "scientific facts in play". I simply acknowledged the ever-changing nature of science, as it progresses and advances itself through time. Keeping in mind this truth, I firmly believe that the question of an embryo's life is still at the tip of the balance, presently wavered by polarized consensus, and that is the major reason I put it as my last contention, not saying that it is the least, but saying that it is very unstable as of the present moment. However, as Con, I must accept the present qualifications of life as I base my refutations on what the world currently provides and try to negate it. The above-statement is a bare fabrication, a pure straw-man made by the affirmative side to transcend himself into a height in the debate. Now that I have negated his hollow assertion, I move that Pro should ask me questions in the comments section if he cannot simply understand what I am trying to say. V.1. Sensitivity Both sides agree on the usage of the seven qualifications, but only differ when a fetus is at question. Again, when one of these criteria are inapplicable, it would automatically constitute to invalidity. I will add another criteria that doesn't fit the validity of a fetus, in majority of abortions, for life, sensitivity. A human is capable of adapting to his environment intrinsically because of his stimuli. Humans react to pain, happiness and sorrow because of stimuli. Does a fetus have stimuli? Of course. But, the true question is: When do they possess it? "The most frequently cited source comes from "Fetal Pain: A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence," published in the August 2005 edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). The JAMA authors concede that pain receptors are present throughout the unborn child"s entire body by no later than 16 weeks after fertilization and nerves link these receptors to the brain"s thalamus and sub-cortical plate by no later than 20 weeks post fertilization."[1] "Another frequently cited source comes from a 2010 piece produced by a "working group" of the (British) Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists titled "Fetal Awareness: Review of Research and Recommendations for Practice". These authors, like those of the JAMA article, argued that in order to experience pain a functioning cerebral cortex is needed, which does not occur until well after 20 weeks."[1] It is proven that in 16-20 weeks, the brain of the fetus is still acquiring the ability to feel pain, therefore, is still learning how to adapt to the environment. Until then, the fetus is not a human being, since the ability to adapt is not yet acquired. But, how is abortion acceptable, then? To make things more clear, consider this statistics report. " The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 66 percent of legal abortions occur within the first eight weeks of gestation, and 92 percent are performed within the first 13 weeks. Only 1.2 percent occur at or after 21 weeks (CDC, 2013). Since the nationwide legalization of abortion in 1973, the proportion of abortions performed after the first trimester has decreased because of increased access to and knowledge about safe, legal abortion (Gold, 2003)."[2] A compelling number of abortions happen prior to the formation of a fully functioning cerebral cortex. People have already done this innumerable times, year by year, effectively performing safe abortions. Pro has cited his sources from the time abortion was new. Pro used outdated sources and omits the huge difference from 1972 to 2017. May it be 1972 (as Pro wrote) or 1973, the point is clear; safe abortions proliferated through time, are accepted, and violates no human right, since the fetus is not human in majority of the abortions made. V.2. Reproduction Pro asserts that human embryos have the ability to reproduce, so it qualifies as a human being. This simply shows how his false assumptions and lack of intellect on the subject will prove disadvantageous . An embryo is not a human being. The embryonic stage accounts to no development whatsoever of reproductive organs, as for a cerebral cortex.[3] This makes two of the criteria invalid, thus making the embryo not suited for life. I. Bodily Autonomy Pro has yet made another assumption herein, along with a greatly flawed analogy. Pro states that I believe women can terminate their fetus because naturally, the fetus interferes with the mother's right to bodily autonomy. It is impossible for a fetus to interfere, in every extent. The only thing that interferes the self-principle is the restrictions of the government to practice it. Also, Pro's analogy is fallible in many angles. The first analogy talks about how inviting visitors then killing them because the owner of the house thinks they trespassed is analogous to abortion. If you invited them, would it be called trespassing? How magical. Being the owner means that everyone who is inside your house should abide your rules. Since, we are talking about an unborn being, the owner can rightfully lead it to its exit. Since visitors are humans, and plural, an abortion to baby twins, triplets, quatruplets are awfully wrong. Remember, the 38th week post fertilization is full-term [3] and they are already humans as opposed to embryos. The rape analogy was equally flawed. The fetus doesn't interfere the right, but the rapist surely does. He brought an unborn being to your home forcefully, it is your right to decide if it stays or not. II. Violation of Human Rights As I mentioned, innumerable values hold equally indistinguishable values. Could you proudly say that the right to life supersedes the right to happiness? The right to free speech over the right to choose? Simply not. They are equal and universal. Violation of these important rights is as bad as infringing the other important ones. III. Desperate Mothers A. Life for life - I have already negated the outdated source presented here. Again, from 1972 to 2017, countless advancements were made, especially in making smart and safe abortions. Pro then states " If even 1% of pregnant women are deterred from having an abortion... that saves 10,000 lives which is far more than would ever be lost in black market abortions." That's also 10, 000 violated women for your conservative estimate. B. Protection of offender over victim - Pro here states that "We should not seek to save the lives of women who take part in abortion (murder) at the cost of the life of the innocent unborn baby." Pro proudly favors the non-existent right of the unborn over the essential right of the mother which automatically infringes the right of others wrongfully. IV. Jobless Teenagers Although it is true that adoption can be an option, that equally holds true for abortion. Also, even at 11%, lives and families and careers and their personal health would be at stake, especially when the mother is financially challenged. Let the mother cater her needs financially and career wise. Conclusion: I have effectively negated Pro's numerous faulty claims and refuted with evidences as promised. The embryo is not alive. The rights and needs of women should be greatly upheld in this matter greatly. I affirm the resolution.

    • https://www.debate.org/debates/Abortion-should-be-illegal/57/
  • CON

    To simply refute this statement I would like to say that...

    Women should not play a ministerial role that consists of teaching men

    I would like to thank my opponent for continuing debate. To begin, I would like to address an inappropriate point of protocol used by my opponent. My opponent tried to defend the ambiguity of his topic with the remark; "everyone knows what I mean". To simply refute this statement I would like to say that I did not "know what you mean" thus deeming this statment false. But to further my rebuttal, I would like to point out the conceded bias expressed by opponent with this statement. According to religioustolerance, only 33% of the world population was Christian as of 2000. My opponent was obviously making the statement "everyone knows what I mean" under the bias of his own personal religious views and by doing this, he has disregarded 66% of the religious views of the people of the world. My opponent clearly composed this whole topic with little consideration to the majority of cultures in the world, and when he himself requested voters to put their religious bias aside, my opponent based his whole argument on a very self centered view of religion. Next, I did not refute your definition of church simply because it was not used in the topic OR the first round, and because I defined the parameters of this debate under the book of the pali canon, my opponents definition of church is null and void. I refuse to discuss the Christian religion with my opponent today simply because he established this debate on a blind, one-sided view of religion, and expected me as well as viewers of this debate to disregard 66% of the world. I take the con side in this debate to refute my opponents case with two simple points: 1: I defined the parameters in the first round, and my opponent did not 2: My opponents arguments as well as his topic were based on a conceded and bias view of the largely To simply refute this statement I would like to say that I did not "know what you mean" thus deeming this statment false. But to further my rebuttal, I would like to point out the conceded bias expressed by opponent with this statement. According to religioustolerance, only 33% of the world population was Christian as of 2000. My opponent was obviously making the statement "everyone knows what I mean" under the bias of his own personal religious views and by doing this, he has disregarded 66% of the religious views of the people of the world. My opponent clearly composed this whole topic with little consideration to the majority of cultures in the world, and when he himself requested voters to put their religious bias aside, my opponent based his whole argument on a very self centered view of religion. Next, I did not refute your definition of church simply because it was not used in the topic OR the first round, and because I defined the parameters of this debate under the book of the pali canon, my opponents definition of church is null and void. I refuse to discuss the Christian religion with my opponent today simply because he established this debate on a blind, one-sided view of religion, and expected me as well as viewers of this debate to disregard 66% of the world. I take the con side in this debate to refute my opponents case with two simple points: 1: I defined the parameters in the first round, and my opponent did not 2: My opponents arguments as well as his topic were based on a conceded and bias view of the largely universal term: Religion For these two irrefutable reasons, I have clearly won this debate and urge all viewers to vote Con. Thank you. http://www.religioustolerance.org...